4 key steps in the mechanism of action of Botox:

1. Toxin is bound to specific receptors on the presynaptic cell surface. This is mediated by the half of the heavy chain of the C-terminal (approx 30 minutes).

2. Internalization. This is an endocystic process that is energy-dependent receptor-mediated. The nerve cell’s plasma membrane invaginates around the toxin-receptor complex to form a vesicle inside the nerve terminal that contains toxin.

3. Translocation. The disulfide bond is cleaved, after internalization, releasing the 50-kDa light chain of the toxin molecule across the endocytic vesicle’s endosomal membrane into the the nerve terminal’s cytoplasm.

4. Blocking. The 50-kDa light chain of serotypes A and E inhibit acetylcholine release by cleaving a cytoplasmic protein (SNAP-25) required for the docking of acetylcholine vesicles on the inner side of the nerve terminal plasma membrane. Botulinum toxin type D is specific for VAMP/synaptobrevin. Botulinum toxin types B and F also affect the VAMP/synaptobrevin protein. These actions impede the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft.

Statistics are showing that many of the most favored cosmetic procedures done each year have drastically been reduced due to the onslaught of the recession. Though most have been affected, there are some such as breast augmentation and others that have fared better. By 2015, there will be an estimated 55 million cosmetic procedures done all over the world whether be for aesthetic or more practical reasons. Nose jobs for those who have suffered from cancer or other diseases tend to be more of a quality of life issue that other cosmetic procedures such as face lifts and liposuction which are the most popular. many who have had their procedures seldom come back due to the pain associated with their procedures but some who just cannot accept the aging process just keep coming back for more leaving them all artificial and looking like a barbie doll. Seems like the world of beauty cannot be put down by the recession for beauty is of the utmost importance.

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One issue that you need to remember is the surgeon. You need to check if he is really a licensed plastic surgeon. You need to check if he has a certificate from the board of Medical examiners and if he is affiliated to a national organization. This institution provides strict guidelines to its medical doctors. They usually oblige the doctors to have a certain level of training and seminars to become a member to their institution. Knowing that your doctor has relevant certificates goes some way to assure you that you can trust him in handing your life over to him during the surgery.

You need to research any plastic surgery issues and risks that the procedure itself involves. In recent studies, almost 5 percent of the people undergoing plastic or cosmetic surgery are experiencing difficulty or are having side effects from implants. These could be caused by infection or sub-standard surgery work which in the extreme can even lead to death. Never resort to cheaper but inadequately trained plastic surgeons. Complications could result if the surgeon is not very good or if the hospital or clinic is not adequately sanitized.

There are two types of plastic surgery: Reconstructive and cosmetic. Reconstructive surgery from the word reconstruction deals with repair. If one had an operation that resulted to a deformation, like that of a breast cancer patient who needs to have her mammary glands back, then that is where reconstructive surgery comes in. Cosmetic surgery is what we often call vanity operation, it is done to improve physical disposition. This type of surgery has two types: Surgical and non surgical. Surgical includes rhynoplasty (reshaping of the nose) breast reduction or enlargement, liposuction among others. Non surgical procedures includes dermabrassion (lightening of scars), laser peeling and other skin oriented operation meant for that flawless look.